Developing a compelling story for your judge or jury may be simple, but it is not easy.

Typically, when I've ask a trial team about the case story a few months before trial, only a small minority can tell me. Most respond with one of the following:

• We just got the case;
• Everybody hates our client, because they are a oil company, tobacco company, bank etc;
• This case has to be won on the law alone;
• It's a bench trial, so story doesn't matter;
• We're too busy;
• We're working on that;
• We don't need help with that;
• I don't know what you mean by a story;

Yet, as I look at all the winning trial teams we've worked with over the last year, one common theme is that they had a well-developed story. It didn't matter whether they were trying a dry patent case or a scandalous white-collar case, they built a strong narrative. It's what great litigators do - yet so many either skip this step or procrastinate and wait too long to fully develop it.

I have written a number of times this year about the importance of storytelling at trial.  As I close out the year, I think this may be the most important thing a litigation consultant can do to help a trial team. A litigation consultant brings not only the common sense that a fresh pair of eyes offers but will also bring the experience of having seen what works and what does not and the experience of having helped develop stories for hundreds of trials.

Here is an overview of storytelling for litigators with five key points every great litigator should know.

1) Why Care About Story? In his book The Storytelling Animal, author Jonathan Gottschall shares so much valuable science and commonsense wisdom about storytelling that I suggest it should be on the must-read list for litigators. The New Yorker summed up the essence of it this way: "human beings are natural storytellers—that they can’t help telling stories, and that they turn things that aren’t really stories into stories because they like narratives so much. Everything—faith, science, love—needs a story for people to find it plausible. No story, no sale." We've drawn parallels between sales and trials before, and I agree that without a story, no one will side with you. Read this book, and your openings will be forever improved.

2) What is a Story?  It's not a simple recitation of information and facts in chronological order. It is a tale of character-rich events told to evoke an emotional response in the listener. As one Harvard paper put it, "without [stories], the stuff that happens would float around in some glob and none of it would mean anything." Unfortunately, many opening statements don’t follow that advice.

3) What is the Structure of a Story? A drama is often split into five parts:

• The introduction (also called exposition) is where characters are introduced, the scene is set and the plot is introduced.
• Rising action is where the hero is revealed, the conflict is identified and our hero finds the solution to the conflict.
• The third act is the climax where our hero's situation is either clearly improved or worsened.
• Falling action is where we see the conflict diminishing and our hero is now clearly winning or losing.
• The resolution or denouement provides a transition toward the end of our story.  Morals are revealed, tension is released and a sense of relief is given to the listeners.

4) How would I structure a litigation story along these lines?

• Introduction: I like to start with belief or fundamental truth and introduction of the characters like, "Banks survive on greed - it's how they make money. When they make good loans, they make money. When they make bad loans, they lose money. These bankers are essentially being accused of making bad loans, which to be true would have to mean, they were not trying to make money. When is the last time you heard of bankers not trying to make money? It makes no sense."
   
• Rising Action: Here the key is to keep a logical flow and keep the tenor rising until the conflict is identified.  For example, "After years of lackluster home sales, finally it looked like Miami was positioned to take off and it was these bankers' jobs to make sure their bank made money - and that meant, making loans. And that's just what they did.  Month after month, loan applications were up, and month after month, the bank was making more and more money. These bankers were at the top of their game. They received awards for their actions. But a storm was brewing. A real estate collapse had begun, and these bankers had to face it head on, sometimes at great personal sacrifice."
   
• Climax: Here, we see where our heroes overcome or are instead defeated by the conflict. For example, "Our clients did their best to weather the storm, but the reality of the real estate environment was too great to overcome. Loans were not repaid, foreclosures occurred and our clients either lost their jobs or retired and the bank ultimately failed. It was a brave battle but just not one you can fight at the age of 70 after a 40-year career in banking. Even if they wanted to, the fight was not winnable.”
   
• Falling Action: "So they returned to their families. They lived modestly.  They played with their grandkids.  On a part-time basis, each helped to wind down bank operations. In the end, they saw much of their life's work blotted out by forces that were completely beyond their control.  After all, they are just a couple of retirees who did their job well – they made loans, the bank made money until the unthinkable happened.
   
• And the Resolution: "Ultimately insurance protected all of the bank customers, so no money was lost. The stockholders lost money in their investment, but not all investments work out, right? Not all of the loans these bankers made worked out, and there's no redo for them. So would it make sense to reward stockholders for their investment that didn’t work out by giving them an award of money? If Bank greed makes us squirm, the greed of those trying to recoup a lost investment in a bank should make you sick.”

5) Where can I learn more about storytelling for lawyers?  We have written often about this topic this past year, and I think it is one of the most important topics we write about.  I encourage you to view these posts:

1. 10 Great Videos to Help Lawyers Become Better at Storytelling.
    
2. Demonstrative Evidence Lessons from Apple v. Samsung. Yes, even patent cases have stories.
    
3. The output of a great collaboration between a trial team and litigation consulting team is a compelling and simple story.
   
   
4. 16 Trial Presentation tips you can learn from Hollywood.
    
5. Many of the videos in this popular post of the Top 10 TED Talks for Lawyers are helpful for storytelling in the courtroom.